Merge branch 'develop' into remove_java_superbuild

.gitlab-ci.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ before_script:
   # Provision efficiently the local LFS cache before checkout
   - git lfs fetch origin $CI_COMMIT_SHA
   # Checkout the expected branch
-  - git checkout $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
+  - git checkout -f -q $CI_COMMIT_SHA
 
 after_script:
   - python3 CI/cdash_handler.py $CI_COMMIT_SHA $CI_PROJECT_ID $CI_PROJECT_DIR $K8S_SECRET_CDASH

Data/Baseline/OTB-Applications/Files/apTvClTrainVectorRegressionModel.1.txt

+io.mse: 0.003289417131

Data/Baseline/OTB-Applications/Files/apTvClTrainVectorRegressionModel.txt

+io.mse: 0.001359587419

Documentation/Cookbook/Scripts/otbGenerateWrappersRstDoc.py

@@ -356,10 +356,17 @@ def make_links(text, allapps):
     rep = {appname: ":ref:`{}`".format(appname) for appname in allapps}
     return multireplace(text, rep)
 
+def render_deprecation_string(app):
+    if app.IsDeprecated():
+        return "This application is deprecated and will be removed in a future release."
+    else:
+        return ""
+
 def render_application(appname, allapps):
     "Render app to rst"
 
-    app = otbApplication.Registry.CreateApplication(appname)
+    # Create the application without logger to avoid the deprecation warning log
+    app = otbApplication.Registry.CreateApplicationWithoutLogger(appname)
 
     # TODO: remove this when bug 440 is fixed
     app.Init()
@@ -368,6 +375,7 @@ def render_application(appname, allapps):
 
     output = template_application.format(
         label=appname,
+        deprecation_string=render_deprecation_string(app),
         heading=rst_section(app.GetName(), '='),
         description=app.GetDescription(),
         longdescription=make_links(app.GetDocLongDescription(), allapps),
@@ -381,8 +389,9 @@ def render_application(appname, allapps):
     return output
 
 def GetApplicationTags(appname):
-     app = otbApplication.Registry.CreateApplication(appname)
-     return app.GetDocTags()
+    # Create the application without logger to avoid the deprecation warning log
+    app = otbApplication.Registry.CreateApplicationWithoutLogger(appname)
+    return app.GetDocTags()
 
 def GenerateRstForApplications(rst_dir):
     "Generate .rst files for all applications"
@@ -404,9 +413,12 @@ def GenerateRstForApplications(rst_dir):
     for appName in appNames:
 
         # Get application first tag
-        tags = GetApplicationTags(appName)
+        tags = list(GetApplicationTags(appName))
+        if "Deprecated" in tags:
+            tags.remove("Deprecated")
         if not tags or len(tags) == 0:
             raise RuntimeError("No tags for application: " + appName)
+
         tag = tags[0]
         tag_ = tag.replace(" ", "_")
 

Documentation/Cookbook/rst/templates/application.rst

 .. _{label}:
 
 {heading}
+
+{deprecation_string}
+
 {description}
 
 Description

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/app/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ otb_create_application(
   SOURCES        otbTrainRegression.cxx
   LINK_LIBRARIES ${${otb-module}_LIBRARIES})
 
+otb_create_application(
+  NAME           TrainVectorRegression
+  SOURCES        otbTrainVectorRegression.cxx
+  LINK_LIBRARIES ${${otb-module}_LIBRARIES})
+
 otb_create_application(
   NAME           PredictRegression
   SOURCES        otbPredictRegression.cxx

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/app/otbTrainRegression.cxx

@@ -271,8 +271,7 @@ void ParseCSVPredictors(std::string path, ListSampleType* outputList)
       elem.Fill(0.0);
       for (unsigned int i=0 ; i<nbCols ; ++i)
         {
-        iss.str(words[i]);
-        iss >> elem[i];
+          elem[i] = std::stod(words[i]);
         }
       outputList->PushBack(elem);
       }

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/app/otbTrainVectorClassifier.cxx

@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ namespace otb
 namespace Wrapper
 {
 
-class TrainVectorClassifier : public TrainVectorBase
+class TrainVectorClassifier : public TrainVectorBase<float, int>
 {
 public:
   typedef TrainVectorClassifier Self;
-  typedef TrainVectorBase Superclass;
+  typedef TrainVectorBase<float, int> Superclass;
   typedef itk::SmartPointer<Self> Pointer;
   typedef itk::SmartPointer<const Self> ConstPointer;
   itkNewMacro( Self )
@@ -66,13 +66,20 @@ protected:
       "Learning (2.3.1 and later), and Shark ML The output of this application "
       "is a text model file, whose format corresponds to the ML model type "
       "chosen. There is no image nor vector data output.");
-    SetDocLimitations("");
+    SetDocLimitations("None");
     SetDocAuthors( "OTB Team" );
     SetDocSeeAlso( " " );
 
     SetOfficialDocLink();
 
     Superclass::DoInit();
+
+    // Add a new parameter to compute confusion matrix / contingency table
+    this->AddParameter(ParameterType_OutputFilename, "io.confmatout", "Output confusion matrix or contingency table");
+    this->SetParameterDescription("io.confmatout",
+                                  "Output file containing the confusion matrix or contingency table (.csv format)."
+                                  "The contingency table is output when we unsupervised algorithms is used otherwise the confusion matrix is output.");
+    this->MandatoryOff("io.confmatout");
   }
 
   void DoUpdateParameters() override

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/app/otbTrainVectorRegression.cxx

+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2019 Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
+ *
+ * This file is part of Orfeo Toolbox
+ *
+ *     https://www.orfeo-toolbox.org/
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "otbTrainVectorBase.h"
+
+namespace otb
+{
+namespace Wrapper
+{
+
+class TrainVectorRegression : public TrainVectorBase<float, float>
+{
+public:
+  typedef TrainVectorRegression Self;
+  typedef TrainVectorBase<float, float> Superclass;
+  typedef itk::SmartPointer<Self>       Pointer;
+  typedef itk::SmartPointer<const Self> ConstPointer;
+
+  itkNewMacro(Self) itkTypeMacro(Self, Superclass)
+
+      typedef Superclass::SampleType SampleType;
+  typedef Superclass::ListSampleType       ListSampleType;
+  typedef Superclass::TargetListSampleType TargetListSampleType;
+
+protected:
+  TrainVectorRegression()
+  {
+    this->m_RegressionFlag = true;
+  }
+
+  void DoInit() override
+  {
+    SetName("TrainVectorRegression");
+    SetDescription(
+        "Train a regression algorithm based on geometries with "
+        "list of features to consider and a predictor.");
+
+    SetDocLongDescription(
+        "This application trains a regression algorithm based on "
+        "a predictor geometries and a list of features to consider for "
+        "regression.\nThis application is based on LibSVM, OpenCV Machine "
+        "Learning (2.3.1 and later), and Shark ML The output of this application "
+        "is a text model file, whose format corresponds to the ML model type "
+        "chosen. There is no image or vector data output.");
+
+    SetDocLimitations("None");
+    SetDocAuthors("OTB Team");
+    SetDocSeeAlso("TrainVectorClassifier");
+
+    SetOfficialDocLink();
+
+    Superclass::DoInit();
+
+    AddParameter(ParameterType_Float, "io.mse", "Mean Square Error");
+    SetParameterDescription("io.mse", "Mean square error computed with the validation predictors");
+    SetParameterRole("io.mse", Role_Output);
+    this->MandatoryOff("io.mse");
+  }
+
+  void DoUpdateParameters() override
+  {
+    Superclass::DoUpdateParameters();
+  }
+
+  double ComputeMSE(const TargetListSampleType& list1, const TargetListSampleType& list2)
+  {
+    assert(list1.Size() == list2.Size());
+    double mse = 0.;
+    for (TargetListSampleType::InstanceIdentifier i = 0; i < list1.Size(); ++i)
+    {
+      auto elem1 = list1.GetMeasurementVector(i);
+      auto elem2 = list2.GetMeasurementVector(i);
+
+      mse += (elem1[0] - elem2[0]) * (elem1[0] - elem2[0]);
+    }
+    mse /= static_cast<double>(list1.Size());
+    return mse;
+  }
+
+
+  void DoExecute() override
+  {
+    m_FeaturesInfo.SetClassFieldNames(GetChoiceNames("cfield"), GetSelectedItems("cfield"));
+
+    if (m_FeaturesInfo.m_SelectedCFieldIdx.empty() && GetClassifierCategory() == Supervised)
+    {
+      otbAppLogFATAL(<< "No field has been selected for data labelling!");
+    }
+
+    Superclass::DoExecute();
+
+    otbAppLogINFO("Computing training performances");
+
+    auto mse = ComputeMSE(*m_ClassificationSamplesWithLabel.labeledListSample, *m_PredictedList);
+
+    otbAppLogINFO("Mean Square Error = " << mse);
+    this->SetParameterFloat("io.mse", mse);
+  }
+
+private:
+};
+}
+}
+
+OTB_APPLICATION_EXPORT(otb::Wrapper::TrainVectorRegression)

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/include/otbTrainVectorBase.h

@@ -49,21 +49,22 @@ bool IsNotAlphaNum(char c)
   return !std::isalnum( c );
 }
 
-class TrainVectorBase : public LearningApplicationBase<float, int>
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+class TrainVectorBase : public LearningApplicationBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
 {
 public:
   /** Standard class typedefs. */
   typedef TrainVectorBase Self;
-  typedef LearningApplicationBase<float, int> Superclass;
+  typedef LearningApplicationBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue> Superclass;
   typedef itk::SmartPointer <Self> Pointer;
   typedef itk::SmartPointer<const Self> ConstPointer;
 
   /** Standard macro */
   itkTypeMacro(Self, Superclass);
 
-  typedef Superclass::SampleType SampleType;
-  typedef Superclass::ListSampleType ListSampleType;
-  typedef Superclass::TargetListSampleType TargetListSampleType;
+  typedef typename Superclass::SampleType           SampleType;
+  typedef typename Superclass::ListSampleType       ListSampleType;
+  typedef typename Superclass::TargetListSampleType TargetListSampleType;
 
   typedef double ValueType;
   typedef itk::VariableLengthVector <ValueType> MeasurementType;
@@ -86,8 +87,8 @@ protected:
   class SamplesWithLabel
   {
   public:
-    ListSampleType::Pointer listSample;
-    TargetListSampleType::Pointer labeledListSample;
+    typename ListSampleType::Pointer       listSample;
+    typename TargetListSampleType::Pointer labeledListSample;
     SamplesWithLabel()
     {
       listSample = ListSampleType::New();
@@ -178,13 +179,18 @@ protected:
 
   SamplesWithLabel m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel;
   SamplesWithLabel m_ClassificationSamplesWithLabel;
-  TargetListSampleType::Pointer m_PredictedList;
+  typename TargetListSampleType::Pointer m_PredictedList;
   FeaturesInfo m_FeaturesInfo;
 
   void DoInit() override;
   void DoUpdateParameters() override;
   void DoExecute() override;
 
+private:
+  /**
+   * Get the field of the input feature corresponding to the input field
+   */
+  inline TOutputValue GetFeatureField(const ogr::Feature& feature, int field);
 };
 
 }

Modules/Applications/AppClassification/include/otbTrainVectorBase.hxx

@@ -27,100 +27,98 @@ namespace otb
 namespace Wrapper
 {
 
-void TrainVectorBase::DoInit()
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+void
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::DoInit()
 {
   // Common Parameters for all Learning Application
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_Group, "io", "Input and output data" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "io", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_Group, "io", "Input and output data" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "io", 
     "This group of parameters allows setting input and output data." );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_InputVectorDataList, "io.vd", "Input Vector Data" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "io.vd",
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_InputVectorDataList, "io.vd", "Input Vector Data" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "io.vd",
     "Input geometries used for training (note: all geometries from the layer will be used)" );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_InputFilename, "io.stats", "Input XML image statistics file" );
-  MandatoryOff( "io.stats" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "io.stats", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_InputFilename, "io.stats", "Input XML image statistics file" );
+  this->MandatoryOff( "io.stats" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "io.stats", 
     "XML file containing mean and variance of each feature." );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_OutputFilename, "io.out", "Output model" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "io.out", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_OutputFilename, "io.out", "Output model" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "io.out", 
     "Output file containing the model estimated (.txt format)." );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_Int, "layer", "Layer Index" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "layer", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_Int, "layer", "Layer Index" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "layer", 
     "Index of the layer to use in the input vector file." );
-  MandatoryOff( "layer" );
-  SetDefaultParameterInt( "layer", 0 );
+  this->MandatoryOff( "layer" );
+  this->SetDefaultParameterInt( "layer", 0 );
 
-  AddParameter(ParameterType_ListView,  "feat", "Field names for training features");
-  SetParameterDescription("feat",
+  this->AddParameter(ParameterType_ListView,  "feat", "Field names for training features");
+  this->SetParameterDescription("feat",
     "List of field names in the input vector data to be used as features for training.");
 
   // Add validation data used to compute confusion matrix or contingency table
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_Group, "valid", "Validation data" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "valid", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_Group, "valid", "Validation data" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "valid", 
     "This group of parameters defines validation data." );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_InputVectorDataList, "valid.vd", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_InputVectorDataList, "valid.vd", 
     "Validation Vector Data" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "valid.vd", "Geometries used for validation "
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "valid.vd", "Geometries used for validation "
           "(must contain the same fields used for training, all geometries from the layer will be used)" );
-  MandatoryOff( "valid.vd" );
+  this->MandatoryOff( "valid.vd" );
 
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_Int, "valid.layer", "Layer Index" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "valid.layer", 
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_Int, "valid.layer", "Layer Index" );
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "valid.layer", 
     "Index of the layer to use in the validation vector file." );
-  MandatoryOff( "valid.layer" );
-  SetDefaultParameterInt( "valid.layer", 0 );
+  this->MandatoryOff( "valid.layer" );
+  this->SetDefaultParameterInt( "valid.layer", 0 );
 
   // Add class field if we used validation
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_ListView, "cfield",
+  this->AddParameter( ParameterType_ListView, "cfield",
     "Field containing the class integer label for supervision" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "cfield", 
+  this->SetParameterDescription( "cfield", 
     "Field containing the class id for supervision. "
     "The values in this field shall be cast into integers. "
     "Only geometries with this field available will be taken into account." );
-  SetListViewSingleSelectionMode( "cfield", true );
+  this->SetListViewSingleSelectionMode( "cfield", true );
 
-  // Add a new parameter to compute confusion matrix / contingency table
-  AddParameter( ParameterType_OutputFilename, "io.confmatout", 
-    "Output confusion matrix or contingency table" );
-  SetParameterDescription( "io.confmatout", 
-    "Output file containing the confusion matrix or contingency table (.csv format)."
-    "The contingency table is output when we unsupervised algorithms is used otherwise the confusion matrix is output." );
-  MandatoryOff( "io.confmatout" );
-
-  AddParameter(ParameterType_Bool, "v", "Verbose mode");
-  SetParameterDescription("v", "Verbose mode, display the contingency table result.");
-  SetParameterInt("v", 1);
+  this->AddParameter(ParameterType_Bool, "v", "Verbose mode");
+  this->SetParameterDescription("v", "Verbose mode, display the contingency table result.");
+  this->SetParameterInt("v", 1);
 
   // Doc example parameter settings
-  SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.vd", "vectorData.shp" );
-  SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.stats", "meanVar.xml" );
-  SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.out", "svmModel.svm" );
-  SetDocExampleParameterValue( "feat", "perimeter  area  width" );
-  SetDocExampleParameterValue( "cfield", "predicted" );
+  this->SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.vd", "vectorData.shp" );
+  this->SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.stats", "meanVar.xml" );
+  this->SetDocExampleParameterValue( "io.out", "svmModel.svm" );
+  this->SetDocExampleParameterValue( "feat", "perimeter  area  width" );
+  this->SetDocExampleParameterValue( "cfield", "predicted" );
 
 
   // Add parameters for the classifier choice
   Superclass::DoInit();
 
-  AddRANDParameter();
+  this->AddRANDParameter();
 }
 
-void TrainVectorBase::DoUpdateParameters()
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+void 
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::DoUpdateParameters()
 {
   // if vector data is present and updated then reload fields
-  if( HasValue( "io.vd" ) )
+  if( this->HasValue( "io.vd" ) )
     {
-    std::vector<std::string> vectorFileList = GetParameterStringList( "io.vd" );
+    std::vector<std::string> vectorFileList = this->GetParameterStringList( "io.vd" );
     ogr::DataSource::Pointer ogrDS = ogr::DataSource::New( vectorFileList[0], ogr::DataSource::Modes::Read );
     ogr::Layer layer = ogrDS->GetLayer( static_cast<size_t>( this->GetParameterInt( "layer" ) ) );
     ogr::Feature feature = layer.ogr().GetNextFeature();
 
-    ClearChoices( "feat" );
-    ClearChoices( "cfield" );
+    this->ClearChoices( "feat" );
+    this->ClearChoices( "cfield" );
 
     for( int iField = 0; iField < feature.ogr().GetFieldCount(); iField++ )
       {
@@ -134,20 +132,23 @@ void TrainVectorBase::DoUpdateParameters()
       if( fieldType == OFTInteger || fieldType == OFTInteger64 || fieldType == OFTReal )
         {
         std::string tmpKey = "feat." + key.substr( 0, static_cast<unsigned long>( end - key.begin() ) );
-        AddChoice( tmpKey, item );
+        this->AddChoice( tmpKey, item );
         }
-      if( fieldType == OFTString || fieldType == OFTInteger || fieldType == OFTInteger64 )
+      if( fieldType == OFTString || fieldType == OFTInteger || fieldType == OFTInteger64 || fieldType == OFTReal )
         {
         std::string tmpKey = "cfield." + key.substr( 0, static_cast<unsigned long>( end - key.begin() ) );
-        AddChoice( tmpKey, item );
+        this->AddChoice( tmpKey, item );
         }
       }
     }
 }
 
-void TrainVectorBase::DoExecute()
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+void
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::DoExecute()
 {
-  m_FeaturesInfo.SetFieldNames( GetChoiceNames( "feat" ), GetSelectedItems( "feat" ));
+  m_FeaturesInfo.SetFieldNames( this->GetChoiceNames( "feat" ), this->GetSelectedItems( "feat" ));
 
   // Check input parameters
   if( m_FeaturesInfo.m_SelectedIdx.empty() )
@@ -158,29 +159,35 @@ void TrainVectorBase::DoExecute()
   ShiftScaleParameters measurement = GetStatistics( m_FeaturesInfo.m_NbFeatures );
   ExtractAllSamples( measurement );
 
-  this->Train( m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel.listSample, m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel.labeledListSample, GetParameterString( "io.out" ) );
+  this->Train( m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel.listSample, m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel.labeledListSample, this->GetParameterString( "io.out" ) );
 
   m_PredictedList =
-    this->Classify( m_ClassificationSamplesWithLabel.listSample, GetParameterString( "io.out" ) );
+    this->Classify( m_ClassificationSamplesWithLabel.listSample, this->GetParameterString( "io.out" ) );
 }
 
-
-void TrainVectorBase::ExtractAllSamples(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+void
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::ExtractAllSamples(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
 {
   m_TrainingSamplesWithLabel = ExtractTrainingSamplesWithLabel(measurement);
   m_ClassificationSamplesWithLabel = ExtractClassificationSamplesWithLabel(measurement);
 }
 
-TrainVectorBase::SamplesWithLabel
-TrainVectorBase::ExtractTrainingSamplesWithLabel(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+typename TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>::SamplesWithLabel
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::ExtractTrainingSamplesWithLabel(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
 {
   return ExtractSamplesWithLabel( "io.vd", "layer", measurement);
 }
 
-TrainVectorBase::SamplesWithLabel
-TrainVectorBase::ExtractClassificationSamplesWithLabel(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+typename TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>::SamplesWithLabel
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::ExtractClassificationSamplesWithLabel(const ShiftScaleParameters &measurement)
 {
-  if(GetClassifierCategory() == Supervised)
+  if(this->GetClassifierCategory() == Superclass::Supervised)
     {
     SamplesWithLabel tmpSamplesWithLabel;
     SamplesWithLabel validationSamplesWithLabel = ExtractSamplesWithLabel( "valid.vd", "valid.layer", measurement );
@@ -206,15 +213,16 @@ TrainVectorBase::ExtractClassificationSamplesWithLabel(const ShiftScaleParameter
     }
 }
 
-
-TrainVectorBase::ShiftScaleParameters
-TrainVectorBase::GetStatistics(unsigned int nbFeatures)
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>
+typename TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>::ShiftScaleParameters
+TrainVectorBase<TInputValue, TOutputValue>
+::GetStatistics(unsigned int nbFeatures)
 {
   ShiftScaleParameters measurement = ShiftScaleParameters();
-  if( HasValue( "io.stats" ) && IsParameterEnabled( "io.stats" ) )
+  if( this->HasValue( "io.stats" ) && this->IsParameterEnabled( "io.stats" ) )
     {
-    StatisticsReader::Pointer statisticsReader = StatisticsReader::New();
-    std::string XMLfile = GetParameterString( "io.stats" );
+    typename StatisticsReader::Pointer statisticsReader = StatisticsReader::New();
+    std::string XMLfile = this->GetParameterString( "io.stats" );
     statisticsReader->SetFileName( XMLfile );
     measurement.meanMeasurementVector = statisticsReader->GetStatisticVectorByName( "mean" );
     measurement.stddevMeasurementVector = statisticsReader->GetStatisticVectorByName( "stddev" );
@@ -229,16 +237,34 @@ TrainVectorBase::GetStatistics(unsigned int nbFeatures)
   return measurement;
 }
 
+// Template specialization for the integer case (i.e.classification), to avoid a cast from double to integer
+template <>
+inline int
+TrainVectorBase<float, int>
+::GetFeatureField(const ogr::Feature & feature, int fieldIndex)
+{
+  return(feature[fieldIndex].GetValue<int>());
+}
+
+template <class TInputValue, class TOutputValue>